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REVIEW AND
RELATED LITERATURE
A.
Previous related research findings.
There
were some researchers who have concluded the writer related to translation and
what have been shown are as follow:
1. Adnan
(2004) found that the students’ problem in translating Indonesian sentences into English was difficult to
understand the context of the text
and they still translate text into word for word translation.
2. Apik
(1994) also conducted research on the correlation between mastery of structure and translation
ability. He states that, the translator
cannot translate well without structure because structure of English is
different with structure in Indonesia.
3. Masita
(2006) the correlation between prior-knowledge and translation ability. She states that, prior-knowledge on
translation because the prior
knowledge can help a translator to get aim of a text translation.
4.
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Based on the findings above, the
researcher concludes that the students’ ability in translating English is still
low. Therefore, they need many exercises and interesting technique to increase
their translation. This chapter several definition of translation were given
and varied the persons who have undertaken to discuss the subjective of this
diversity is in a sense quite understandable for there are last differences in the materials translated
in purpose of the publications, and in the need prospective audience.
B.
The
Definition of Translation
The sentences translating, a
translator must pay attention to the massage rather than to the form. Although
the content of massages is the most important aspects, in Translating the style
can not be ignored, with this in translation the passage from Indonesian as
source language into English as a receptor language and what kind of
translation.
1.
Brislin (1976 : ii) defined translation as follow:
Translation
is the general term referring to the transfer of thoughts and ideals from one
language (source) to another (target), whether the language are in written or
orals form; whether the language have
established orthographies or do not have such
standardization or whether one or both languages is based on signs, as
with sign languages of the deaf.
2.
Nida (1984:11) gave definition
Translating
consist in reproducing in the receptor language the closet natural equivalent
of the source language massage, first in terms of meaning and secondly in term
of style.
3.
Catfiord in Widyamarta (1989:12)
Translation is the replacement of
textual material n one language the source language = (SL) by equivalent
textual material in another language the receptor language = (RL).
Several
definition of translation were given and varied the persons who have undertaken
to discuss the subjective of this diversity is in a sense quite understandable
for there are last differences in the
materials translated in purpose of the publications, and in the need prospective
audience.
Observing
that definition above, it can be concluded that the first one and outcomes or
the result of process and translating, second, third, seems the difference between translating and
translation, the conceive translation as a process or an activity and
translation as a result or output of a process concerning written language or
literary work.
Based
on the above definitions, the writer concluded that all definitions actually
are similar in purpose that is to convey information and attempt to produce to
readers a product which is given an identical impression original work produced
by the author, in other words, translation can be conceptualized in common as
transferring a massages from the source language by expressing the meaning and
the style.
C. Type
of Translation
The following dime
tails of what translation is given the type of translation, the people
sometimes get impression that the lesson of translation is easy to understand,
other people say it is quite difficult subject, while the other that it is out
of their opinion.
With the before
comment, we can group translation into classification, they are classification
based on the character of translation, they are the types of translation that
probably useful to the translation for purpose.
1. Scientific Translation
This kinds of translation covers materials of
scientific field when find some book and to translate, then they should be
translated scientific way. Choice of word by the and to translator should be
done carefully and it must be applied in scientific level. The translator works
that contains scientific imagination must be good, but when the words as well
as contractions of sentences are in very simple presentation, the reader may
conclude this translation is only by elementary school, there fore can not be
categories as a scientific people academic and university (Finlay, 1971)
2. Literal Translation
Literal
means word for words translation it is called literal translation. It is meant
that in doing the translation the translators’ priority is on translation word.
In this translation the translators don’t see the meaning in the contend or in
the other words he makes he work by only playing attention to the forms not to
spirit of the massage that in reasons why readers find it is difficult to the understand the product translation.
When use dictionary
that means to help translator to look the meaning of the difficult words, and
he always tricks to what given by dictionary.
Therefore the
sentences to translate will not make sense because this work of translation is
found only in the dictionary without variation, (finally, 1971).
3. Machine
Translation
Machine
was used and aid to do translation, Nida Writers his type of translation is
done by using machine need particular knowledge, in the general the content of
machine word is very short passage can be found in the article and may be find
special topic like economy, pharmacy, chemical and etc. machine translation is
definitely unable to cove with all discipline when the machine it self only
program with word certain study areas.
4. Technical Translation
This type of
translation ideal technical materials, the language that use special language
is very difficult to translate, if someone or translator want to translate, he
need technical dictionary as resource in doing his work. In doing technical
translation a skill need because this is very important and use by someone who
works, the consultant engineering but we have to know it is very rather simple
cooperate with the language literary
translation and the scope of being translation only in special subject.
For instance translation is
electronics, factories, mechanical, engineering, etc. this translation
emphasizes on the technology which is very different from other translation,
and the translator should be identify specialist in the subject. The produce
the translation is only good for special group and only the people who are
relevant with the translations (Finlay, 1971).
5. Communication
Translation
Communication translation is a translation
that attempt to product on it is reader
and the effect as closely as possible to that obtain on the readers of original
it address itself sole to the second reader who doesn’t know anticipate
difficult, and would expect a generous transfer of foreign element into his own
culture as well as his language where necessary
but event here the translation has to respect and work in the form of
the source language text as the only material basic for his work (Newmark,
1981; 39).
Generally a
communicative translation is smite, simpler, more direct, more conventional,
conforming to particular register of language tending to understand late, hold
all terms in the difficult passage ( Newmark, 1981; 38 ).
This type of
translation can be interpreted easily and understood by the readers. Acting as
a participant expected to understand, the message that is transferred by
translator, the reader must be able to follow and falling understand the materials that are
transferred to language that they use, it means that, the message is passage or
communicated to the readers, that means to change it form the source language
they speak.
If the meaning of the
text is easy to understand by the reader or people we can say that the work of
translation from one language to another is communicative, the translator him
self can be found because the product of this work is understand by the
readers.
The language will use in translating; the
context will very must depend on the communicative function, the function of
communicative language of the original message to the other language. How
effective of the message communication will depend on emphases that is depend
by the readers.
In communicative translation, the
translator is trying to his own language to rewriter a little better then
original meaning, unless is reproducing the well established formula of notices
or correspondence.
6.
Interpretation Translation
When someone speaks English and another one
translates it directly, it is called interpretation.
Yet, when there
is an English text someone needs times to translate it is called translation.
The type of translation based on the types of the translation is given by Nida
(1964), in sections 2.1.b and 2.1
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