BAB II B

The Form of Translation
According this point of view of form, translation can be performed as an individual word phrase, sentence, paragraph, essay, or passage and text book.
Word for word-translation
This from is finding the source of language, lexical equivalent in the target language. These kinds of translating require a careful and accurate lexical analysis. Because lexical word imply several meaning and concepts, so that it is very difficult to decide the precise translation from the lexical as Weinric (1980:234) puts at the translate . Accordingly, in relating to this topic, we do not include the word translate instrument of text.
Example word for word translation
SL : I go to school
TL : Saya pergi kesekolah
 Group to Group Translate
This short of translation is performing by replacing the source of language phrase with is equivalent to another language.
This kind conducted by firstly doing the lexical (word of Word) and grammatical analysis, after this has been done, the transference of the massage contain of the sentence on the basic dynamic closes natural equivalent principle. finally a translate or equivalent, which does not look like a translation is obtained, so therefore meets requirement for the best translation does not sound like a translation.
Sentence
The translation, the first thing that must be conducted is lexical (word for word) and grammatical analysis, and the massage content of the sentence on basic dynamic and closet equivalent principle. After that the restricting of the massage is arrange by a translation on equivalent is obtained.
Paragraph Translation
This translating, the first analyze word for word (lexical analysis) and at the some try to grasp the meaning of unfamiliar lexical item (lexical analysis) and simultaneously observe the contextual, among the sentences in the paragraph (contextual analysis). After these analyses have been completed, the transfer of the SL massage contents into target language TL is conducted. Lastly we carry out the restricting of the result of the transfer.
Text Book Translation
The term of linguistic analysis, this form is to large extent, to be similar to translating and essay translating, in edition, the similarity of translator should be the following points. The translator must read and be aware of the books tattle. He reads the table on the contents, for ward or for case, introducing the chapters’ topic. The translator should translate each chapter chronologically.  This kind of translating, a translator has to spend much time and energy besides he has to be and contentious
Essay Translation
This form is the same as those two previously discussed. In this case, the rapid reading skill essentially required because the three analyses are done. The whole essay should read means of speech reading technique, so in this connection a translator is able to read fast.
This simulate of translation should do the following point. The translator must read be aware of the books title, he reads the topic, the table of content, foreword of preface, introduction and the chapter topic. The translator should be translating each chapter chromatically. In this kind of translate; he has to spend much time and energy besides he has to be pattern conscientious.
Procedure of Translation
Translation procedures are technical devices used to transfer the meaning of a text in one language into a text in another language. The technical translation procedures apply to any type of translation, but there are different types of procedure problems. Owing to the diverse ways in which a translation process may be organizes Pin Chuck in Hasdar (1997), the procedures of translating that can be in the form of:
1. Transcription
This means rendering the sounds of a source language (SL) into target language (TL) form, for example:
Indonesia English
Jawa Java
Orang Hutan   Rang utan
Ahmad Ahmed
2. Transliteration
This is the process of rendering the letters of one alphabet into the letter of another with a different alphabetical system.
3. Borrowing
Many types of borrowing are made from one language to another. A procedure often used when target language has on equivalent for the source language units is to adopt them without change but sometimes with spelling or pronunciation an adjustments,
e.g.:
Indonesia English
Durian Durian
Memo Memo
Sandal Sandal
Atom Atom
Kampung Kampong

4. Literal
          This one structural and conceptual correspondence. It can include borrowing and word-for word translation. This presupposes a kind of Interlingua synonymy,
e.g.:
Indonesia English
Tiga buku three books
Dewi telah datang Dewi has come
Limas pyramid
Garuk scratch
5. Transposition
This one is the most common procedure used in translation it involves replacing a grammatical structure in he source language with one different type in the target language to achieve the same effect,
        e.g:
- Saya tentu datang kalau tahu, sekarang, saya tidak tahu maka tidak datang
  I would have come if I have known (active)
- Perlu di ketahui bahwa menulis puisi memakan waktu
  You should know that poetry writing takes time (passive)
6. Modulation
Modulation entail change in lexical, a shift in the point of vial and may take a place at the same time with transporting, e.g. :
Waktu itu sangat berharga
Times is money
 Dia berasal dari keluarga ningrat
 She is from the noble family
- Telah kukatakan kepadanya berulang kali untuk tidak   mencampuri urusan orang lain, namun dasar kepala batu dia tetap   saja melakukannya.
       I have told him that many times not to interfered other people, but being pig needed. This still does.
Adoption
This procedure is used when the other do not suffice to it involve modifying the concept, or using situation analogues to the SL situation though not identical to it. An adoption may at sometimes until modulation and transportation, it goes beyond language.
Criteria of a Good Translation
Every translation hopes that, the result of his/her translation will make the readers or receptor satisfy at least, it can be understood by the readers, however just the big line or mine idea of his translation. How we can decide that a translation can fulfill the requirement as good translation. Some opinion about criteria of good translation as follows:
Will shouter in Nida (1964:164) stated that the translation should make the same resultant impression on the mind of our readers as nearly as possible. The same effect was produced by the original and its readers.
According to Nastago (1997:3) the characteristic of a good translation are: translation involves careful analysis of the meaning of the source text, variation aspects of the, meanings are considered, and they are re-though in terms of the target language. The students learn great deals as they discover that is not always possible to attain exact equivalence, and as evaluate possible versions to se which most fully capture all implication of the original. They will find that need to look beyond single words. Or even complete stretches of discourse as they make in their decision.
Newmark (1981:38) stated, there is four kinds of the criteria a good translation:
A translation must give the word original
A translation must give the idea of the original
A translation should read like an original text
A translation should read like a translation text but doesn’t sound like translation.
Before the sentences, the writers realize that translation should give the seen of the original in such as way that the readers’ translations are unaware that they are reading a translation. Beside that, the reader should experience the some impression as they reading an original composition.
Content
In treating the content of message, one must often distinguish clearly between the discourses itself and is temporal spatial setting. The cultural setting of the narrative itself may introduce quite a different series of difficulties, when the circumstantial setting of as s source language. Text is widely divergent from May corresponding setting in receptor language serious problem maybe involved in providing a meaningful equivalent text. These cases, the translation maybe focused to choose between the last comprehensible cultural settings of the receptor language.
To dimension that are directly relevant to the content of are time and culture. For example, the problem of translating the content of the Navajo healing into preset day English are much greater that the difficulties encountered. Most translator, however prefer to avoid the evitable anachronism and distortion that a tar gum like translation involves, preferring to retain the cultural features of the source language text in the text of translation and to attempt an explanation of their significance in appended notes.
Form
The formal linguistic feature becomes all the ore important as the text under consideration contain more highly specialized stylistic features. Furthermore, the greater the significance of the comprehension and appreciation of the message, the more difficult it is to find appropriate formal equivalences the receptor language. The principle difficulties with literary genres are not their formal features many of which can be satisfactorily reproduce, but their lack of functional equivalent within the respective communication structures of source and receptor language.
The extent to which formal features of extent are retained in translation depends to large measure on the extent to which information concerning, such as from are relevant to either the text or the receptor. And there many formal features of language that are not theoretical. But rather is role related. They do not signal information about the structure of the discourse take places. Dialect math fully successful, for the valves associated with a particular dialect are often highly specific.
Based on the statements before, we can make conclusion that the content and from of translation is very important. In fact, the emphasis of correspondence has been seriously slighted. And reality, however, content cannot be divorced completely form. The from of the massages nearly massages nearly always hold a dominant role, and the meaning of the surface content is frequently sacrificed for the sake of preserving the hidden significance which is thought to lie the form.